CHAPTER I
INTRODUCTION
A. Background
Chondrichtyhes class of vertebrates, sharks and their relatives, in cartilaginous fish called because they are relatively flexible has endoskeleton made of cartilage rather than bone from the bone hard. Cartilaginous skeleton of these fish were obtained characteristic, not characteristic of primitive, in other words Chondichtyes ancestors had bony framework, and cartilaginous framework which are characteristic of the class was developed afterwards. During the development of most vertebrates, was first composed of cartilage framework later becomes hard as the bones begin replacement of the soft cartilage matrix with a hard matrix of calcium phosphate. Apparently, some modification in the process of preventing the development of cartilaginous fish, the turnover process.
Sharks, rays, and even stranger fish make up the Chondrichthyes, or cartilaginous fish. First appearing on Earth almost 450 million years ago, cartilaginous fish today include both fearsome predators and harmless mollusc-eaters (harmless, that is, unless you are a mollusc). A number of shark and ray species are fished, commercially or for sport. Members of the Chondrichthyes all lack true bone and have a skeleton made of cartilage (the flexible material you can feel in your nose and ears). Only their teeth, and sometimes their vertebrae, are calcified this calcified cartilage has a different structure from that of true bone. Thus, preservation of the whole body of a cartilaginous fish only takes place under special conditions.
To get the understood about the Chondrichtyes, so need a activity that representative, that just not give the theory, but application theory that have study in lecture. One of it activity is practicum, where the student can see the morphology and anatomy of animals that classified into the Chondricthyes class.
B. Purpose
At this experiment, purpose of to observe the morphology and anatomy the Chondricthyes class.
C. Benefit
The benefits of this experiment are, the university student could know morphology and anatomy the Chondricthyes class.
CHAPTER II
PREVIEW OF LITERATURE
Sharks and rays are the biggest eaters who preyed on plankton suspense. But then, most sharks are carnivores that swallow their prey whole, or using the jaws and very sharp to tear meat from animals that are too large to be swallowed at once. Shark teeth growing possibility of a serrated scales which cover the skin roughness. Digestive tracts in many sharks have a shorter proportion of the digestive tract compared with many other vertebrates. Sharks in the small intestine there is a spiral valve, which is a corkscrew-shaped protrusion which increases the surface area and prolong the flow of food along the lines short its digestion (Campbell, 2003).
This class includes sharks and their relatives (sharks, rays, chimaeras). They are also termed as elasmobranches because of their flexible endoskeleton made up of cartilage instead of bones. Sharks live in oceans and seas all over the world and a few thrive in fresh water. They live in mostly all depths and temperature of the sea. The have been used commercially for clothing, biomedical products, and educational uses. Yet their single greatest use is for their meat (Moss, 1984).
According to Jasin (1992) there are special characteristics at Chondrichtyes as follows:
1. Skin tough and covered by placoid scales with many mucous glands. On both sides there are parts of the median fins are supported by the pelvic fin fingers, forming some part of the claspers in males.
2. The mouth is located next to the ventral of the head, with teeth to email; have one or two nostril holes who have no cavum oris; has a lower and upper jaw; on there they intestine is spiral valve.
3. They skeleton form of hard cartilage without bone, cartilage joining Cranium sensory capsula; there are many has vertebrae notochord with perfect and apart from one another.
4. Cor ventriculum consists of one room and one with sinus auriculum venossus, conus arteriosus, and blood contained only vendors, there are several pair’s archus aorticus, erythrocyte and oval shaped core.
5. Respiration was done by 5, 6, 7 pairs of gills, each contained in a separate slot.
6. Have 10 pairs of cranial nerve.
7. Body temperature depends on its environment (poikiolotermis).
8. Separate sex; fertilization (conception) occurs within the body; ovipar or ovivipar.
Sharks have sharp vision, but they cannot distinguish between colors. They have such a keen sense of smell that their noses are often termed "living noses". Sharks also have batteries of receptors, which allow them to respond to mechanical forms of energy such as touch, vibration, water currents, sound, and hydrostatic pressure. Sharks also have a sensitive electrosensory system. This system allows them to detect electromagnetic fields. It is believed that this sense aids the animal in their final stages of prey capture (Moss, 1984).
According to Anonym (2010) the anatomy of Shark consists of:
1. Skeleton
The skeleton is cartilaginous. The notochord, which is present in the young, is gradually replaced by cartilage. Chondrichthyes also lack ribs, so if they left the water, the larger species's own body weight would crush their internal organs long before they would suffocate.
2. Appendages
Their tough skin is covered with dermal teeth (again with Holocephali as an exception as the teeth are lost in adults, only kept on the clasping organ seen on the front of the male's head), also called placoid scales or dermal denticles, making it feel like sandpaper.
3. Body covering
Chondrichthyes have toothlike scales called denticles or placoid scales. Denticles provide two functions, protection, and in most cases streamlining. Mucous glands exist in some species as well.
4. Respiratory system
Chondrichthyes all breathe through 5-7 gills, depending on the species. In general, pelagic species must keep swimming to keep oxygenated water moving through their gills whilst demersal species can actively pump water in through their spiracles and out through their gills.
Reproduction in cartilaginous fishes is complex, and starts with courtship and copulation. The claspers are filled with sperm from the urogenital papilla of the male and inject the seminal fluid into the female. Fertilization is internal in the female: sperm is stored in the oviducts and fertilizes the eggs entering them from the ovaries. In some sharks the shell or nidamental glands of the oviducts are specialized to store sperm, and eggs are fertilized as the egg case is secreted around the descending egg.
Cartilaginous fishes typically produce few, large, yolky eggs and have a low rate of reproduction. Young are born or hatched at an advanced stage of development after an extended gestation or incubation period that may extend from a month in some egg laying sharks to over two years in some live bearing sharks (Sukiya, 2005).
Mostly of shark has slim body. They are bather that lively and speedy, but they not well in control case of swim direct. Swim muscle that very strong, especially in caudal fin (tail), to push their body forward. The main function of dorsal fin is to stabilization their body, then pectoral fin (front) and pelvis (back), that couples give raise power in water. Furthermore shark can get extra raise power with store some of oil in their liver that large, this animal still constant more dense than water, and will be sank if they stop to swim. Still swimming also certify water will flow into their mouth and out through the gills, where water exchange happen. But, some shark, many skate, and rays spend any time to take a rest in base of sea. When during do that case, this fishes use their jaw muscle and pharynx to pump out the water through gills (Campbell, 2003).
BIBLIOGRAPHY
Anonym. 2010. Chondrichtyes. http://id.Wikipedia.org/wiki/. Accessed on March 29th 2010 in Makassar.
Campbell. 2003. Biologi edisi kelima jilid 2. Jakarta: Erlangga.
Jasin, Maskoeri. 1992. Zoologi Vertebrata. Jakarta: Erlangga.
Moss, Sanford A. 1984. Sharks: An Introduction for the Amateur Naturalist. Prentice
Hall, Inc, Englewood Cliffs: New Jersey.
Sukiya. 2005. Biologi Vertebrata. Yogyakarta: Fakultas Matematika dan Ilmu Pengetahuan Alam Universitas Negeri Yogyakarta.
CHAPTER III
EXPERIMENT METHOD
A. Time and Place
Day / date : Saturday, March 27th 2010
Time : At 03.30 am until 05.30 am
Place of experiment : At the 2nd floor of Biology laboratory, the west part Mathematic and Science Faculty, Makassar State University.
B. Tools and Materials
1. Tools
a. Surgery board
b. Surgery tool
c. Magnifying glass
2. Materials
a. Squalus acanthias
b. Dasyatus Sabina
C. Work procedure
1. Observation of morphology
1.1. Put the fish that has dead on the surgery board.
1.2. Observed their morphology, that consist of:
1.2.1. Head part, there are:
a. Mouth
b. Gill slits
c. Nose curve
d. Eye
e. Spiracle
1.2.2. Body part, there are:
a. The kind of fin
1) Pectoral fin
2) Pelvic fin
3) Dorsal fin
4) Caudal fin
b. Scale, took off by pincher and observed with magnifying glass/ microscope (scale type is placoid).
c. Lateral line (until there?)
d. Epidermal skin (grabbed by finger).
e. Anus and clasper (male genital).
1.2.3. Tail part, here there are tail scale heterocercal shape and tail that long has spine at ray.
1.3. Made the picture of fish body intact that view from dorsal and ventral side. Indication their names part.
2. Observation of anatomy
2.1. Made the incision of anus back side to dorsal with scalpel until touch the back bone.
2.2. Used scissor to do excision start from anus to head until near gill slits.
2.3. Advanced excision to dorsal side through fin base of chest until stuck at back bone.
2.4. Hardened with pin, and one limited of body and tail, another one limited of head and body.
2.5. Opened body wall with used pinchers. Body wall lower part hardened by pin.
2.6. If raised body wall upper part, if there are body tools (innards), that sticky, released with spatula.
2.7. Opened stomach cavity.
2.8. Searched and observed the shape and position from that tools:
2.8.1. Kidney
2.8.2. Liver
2.8.3. Intestine
2.8.4. Pancreas
2.8.5. Heart
2.9. Made that tools picture according with its position, then go on to observation system by system.
CHAPTER IV
RESULT AND DISCUSSION
A. Result
1. Squalus achantias
Morphology |
Note: 1. Orbita 8. Pinna pelvicus 2. Spiracle 9. Pinna pectoralis 3. Pinna dorsalis 10. Gill slits 4. Linea lateralis 11. Cavum oris 5. Pinna caudalis 12. Nostril 6. Pinna analis 7. Anus (cloaca) |
Anatomy |
Note: 1. Brain 13. Coelom 2. Spiracle 14. Intestine 3. Branchial arteries 15. Liver 4. Muscle 16. Stomach 5. Vertebrae 17. Pancreas 6. Notochord 18. Heart 7. Nervechord 19. Gill slit 8. Kidney 20. Pharynx 9. Ureter 21. Mouth 10. Vas deferens 22. Eye 11. Anus 23. Nostril 12. Clasper |
3) Dasyatus sabina
Morphology |
Note: 1. Orbita 2. Spiracle 3. Pinna pectoralis 4. Pinna pelvicus 5. Pinna caudalis 6. Spina 7. Cavum oris 8. Gill slits 9. Anus (cloaca) 10. Clasper |
Anatomy |
Note: 1. Pharynx 2. Atrium 3. Ventricle 4. Gall gland 5. Pancreas 6. Liver 7. Stomach 8. Cor (Heart) 9. Kidney 10. Intestine |
B. Discussion
1. Squalus acanthias
a. Morphology
The body shape this fish have kinds, there are torpedo shape has two dorsal fin, that each posterior side has spine, at ventral there are pectoral fin pair. At pelvic fin there are a plus that cylindrical shape that called claspers that useful in marry time (at male animal). In some of another shark fish there are anal pipe pair in ventral posterior media. Caudal fin is heterocercal. One half placed upper the mouth there are eye, while the side of eye face there are nostril (nose hole). Between the mouth and pectoral fin there are 6 piece gill slits, one gill slits the most of face undergo modification right their position and function that called spiracle. Between pairs of pelvic fin and caudal fin there is anus, generally is general hole as cloaca and special in male animal has completed by clasper. All of body surface covered by skin that primitive that has develop point to scale sheet that usually there are at Osteicthyes. Placoid scale consists of base plate, central stalk and spine (Jasin, 1992).
b. Anatomy
This animal has anatomy that consist of digestive tool (tractus digestivus) consists of cavum oris, pharynx, oesophagus, ventriculus, intestinum, cloaca and anus. Their respiration tool with open and close mouth at fish of shark dispels the water into mouth and to push out with power (closing mouth) through gill slits and spiracle. Their circulatory tool cavity of pericardium under the gill. Articulate with conus arteriosus then to ventral aorta that has branch five pairs artery afferent branchialis to get oxygen that place in air bubble in water. The skeleton is cartilaginous. The notochord, which is present in the young, is gradually replaced by cartilage. Their excretion tool by ren and has separated sex. The male genital of clasper (Jasin, 2010).
c. Physiology
1. Digestion system
Digestive tool (tractus digestivus) consists of cavum oris, pharynx, oesophagus, ventriculus, intestinum, cloaca and anus. In cavum oris there are teeth in jaw and presence to behind direct for withhold prey will swallow, tongue that plat in base of cavum oris. Beside that pharynx there are gill slits that each separate and the first hole called spiracle. Ventriculus U shapes that called as sphincter pylorus. In intestine there are spiral clap that function to help in effesien of food absorption. In this case obstruct to pass food material that through to anus (Jasin, 2010).
2. Respiration system
With open and close mouth at fish of shark dispel the water into mouth and to push out with power (closing mouth) through gill slits and spiracle. Gill arranged by filaments (sheets) that much contain capillary blood vessel. Blood from aorta ventral will through that capillary, release carbon dioxide and bind oxygen that soluble in water, next to aorta follow circulation that has explained (Jasin, 2010).
3. Circulation system
Cor as central placed in cavity of pericardium under the gill. Consist of venosus sinus that has wall more thick, next by auriculum and ventriculum that has wall is thick. Then articulate with conus arteriosus then to ventral aorta that has branch five pairs arteri afferent branchialis to get oxygen that place in air bubble in water. Then through four pairs efferent branchialis of blood enter to aorta dorsalis that jut long as long as arteri that important (Jasin, 2010).
4. Excretion system
Two piece of ren has cylindrical shape there are place near upper coelom beside aorta dorsalis. Urine from ren will store in vessel that has segment for the next articulate with urine vessel thats long through a papillae urogenitalis that place at cloaca (Jasin, 2010).
5. Reproduction system
Separated sex, male genital consist of testes couple there are some of vase efferensia that to vasa defferensia. That duct outstretched beside lower kidney and finish in papillae urogenitalis. In marry, sperm spilled in cloaca of female animal with helped by clasper. The female genital consists of an ovary that hangs up dorsal side with one membrane. Two pieceoviduct will jut as long as the body, that every in anterior has big duct where cells of egg will enter to it. In anteriaor side every duct widen as shell glandulae (Jasin, 2010).
d. Habit
Sharks have a streamlined body that reduces turbulence. Sharks have special paired pectoral and pelvic fins that provide them with lift in the water. The caudal fins propel them forward. The dorsal fin acts as a stabilizer. They do not have swim bladder, therefore if they were to stop moving they would most likely sink to the bottom of the ocean (Anonym, 2010).
e. Classification
Kingdom : Animalia
Phylum : Chordata
Classis : Chondrichthyes
Sub Class : Elasmobranchii
Ordo : Squaliformes
Family : Squalidae
Genus : Squalus
2. Dasyatus Sabina
a. Morphology
The flattened bodies of stingrays allow them to effectively conceal themselves in their environment. Stingrays do this by agitating the sand and hiding beneath it. Because their eyes are on top of their bodies and their mouths on the undersides, stingrays cannot see their prey; instead, they use smell and electro-receptors (ampullae of Lorenzini) similar to those of sharks. Stingrays feed primarily on molluscs, crustaceans, and occasionally on small fish. Some stingrays' mouths contain two powerful, shell-crushing plates, while other species only have sucking mouthparts. Stingrays settle on the bottom while feeding, often leaving only their eyes and tail visible. Coral reefs are favorite feeding grounds and are usually shared with sharks during high tide. The skin of the ray (same) is used as an under layer for the cord or leather wrap (Anonym, 2010).
b. Anatomy
When a male is courting a female, he will follow her closely, biting at her pectoral disc. Stingrays are ovoviviparous, bearing live young in "litters" of five to thirteen. The female holds the embryos in the womb without a placenta. Instead, the embryos absorb nutrients from a yolk sac, and after the sac is depleted, the mother provides uterine "milk"
(Anonym, 2010).
c. Physiology
1. Respiration system
With open and close mouth at fish of shark dispel the water into mouth and to push out with power (closing mouth) through gill slits and spiracle. Gill arranged by filaments (sheets) that much contain capillary blood vessel. Blood from aorta ventral will through that capillary, release carbon dioxide and bind oxygen that soluble in water, next to aorta follow circulation that has explained (Jasin, 2010).
2. Digestion system
Digestive tool (tractus digestivus) consists of cavum oris, pharynx, oesophagus, ventriculus, intestinum, cloaca and anus. In cavum oris there are teeth in jaw and presence to behind direct for withhold prey will swallow, tongue that plat in base of cavum oris. Beside that pharynx there are gill slits that each separate and the first hole called spiracle. Ventriculus U shapes that called as sphincter pylorus. In intestine there are spiral clap that function to help in effesien of food absorption. In this case obstruct to pass food material that through to anus (Jasin, 2010).
3. Circulation system
Cor as central placed in cavity of pericardium under the gill. Consist of venosus sinus that has wall more thick, next by auriculum and ventriculum that has wall is thick. Then articulate with conus arteriosus then to ventral aorta that has branch five pairs arteri afferent branchialis to get oxygen that place in air bubble in water. Then through four pairs efferent branchialis of blood enter to aorta dorsalis that jut long as long as arteri that important (Jasin, 2010).
4. Excretion system
Two piece of ren has cylindrical shape there are place near upper coelom beside aorta dorsalis. Urine from ren will store in vessel that has segment for the next articulate with urine vessel thats long through a papillae urogenitalis that place at cloaca (Jasin, 2010).
5. Reproduction system
Separated sex, male genital consist of testes couple there are some of vase efferensia that to vasa defferensia. That duct outstretched beside lower kidney and finish in papillae urogenitalis. In marry, sperm spilled in cloaca of female animal with helped by clasper. The female genital consists of an ovary that hangs up dorsal side with one membrane. Two pieceoviduct will jut as long as the body, that every in anterior has big duct where cells of egg will enter to it. In anteriaor side every duct widen as shell glandulae (Jasin, 2010).
d. Habit
Stingrays are usually very docile and curious, their usual reaction being to flee any disturbance, but will sometimes brush their fins past any new object they come across. Nevertheless, certain larger species may be more aggressive and should only be approached with caution by humans, as the stingray's defensive reflex may result in serious injury or death. This consists of taking a boat to the outer lagoon reefs then standing in waist-high water while habituated stingrays swarm around, pressing right up against tourists seeking food from their hands or that being tossed into the water (Anonym, 2010).
e. Classification
Kingdom : Animalia
Phylum : Chordata
Classis : Chondrichthyes
Sub Class : Elasmobranchii
Ordo : Myliobatiformes
Family : Dasyatidae
Genus : Dasyatis
CHAPTER V
CONCLUSION AND SUGGESTION
A. Conclusion
After done practical work, and according to our purpose, so we can conclude, the morphology of stingray is have shape body circle flatting, have pinna pinna dorsalis, pinna caudalis, pinna pelvicus nad pinna toracalis. While morphology of shark only different from the shape their shape like torpedo. Anatomy of Dasyatus sabina are orbita, spiracle, pinna pectoralis, pinna pelvicus, pinna caudalis, spina, cavum oris, gill slits, anus (cloaca),clasper and their morphology are pharynx, atrium, ventricle, gall gland, pancreas, liver, stomach, cor, kidney, intestine. While anatomy of Squalus achantias are brain, coelom, spiracle, intestine, branchial arteries,liver, Mmscle, stomach, vertebrae, pancreas, notochord, heart, nervechord, gill slit, kidney, pharynx, ureter, mouth, vas deferens , eye, anus, nostril, clasper and their morphology are orbita, pinna pelvicus, spiracle, pinna pectoralis, pinna dorsalis, gill slits, linea lateralis, cavum oris, mninna caudalis, nostril, pinna analis, anus (cloaca).
B. Suggestion
1. For laboratory, better tools and materials that have damage must be substituting in order that practical work process fluently.
2. For assistant, increase of communication with practicant.
3. For practicant, better active done practical work in Laboratory and save the clean of Laboratory.
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